Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution of ant cocoons

Abstract Most ant species have lost the ability to spin cocoons. To explore evolution of cocoon loss within Formicidae, we perform an ancestral state reconstruction cocooned pupae across a genus-level phylogeny and use sister clade analysis determine impact on speciation. Then, fit models correlated between status several other organismal traits. We find that re-emergence cocoons is rare “naked” lineages display increased rate speciation in 5 out 9 group comparisons. Models with were favored for metapleural gland worker polymorphism. Metapleural rates inconclusive, while polymorphism displayed higher transition towards coupled loss. These results suggest may allow complex traits develop represent novel example relaxed selection.